RabbitMQ
1. RabbitMQ简介
RabbitMQ实现了AMQP(Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)协议,AMQP是一种消息传递协议,是应用层协议的一个开放标准,为面向消息的中间件设计。具体介绍参考:AMQP介绍
2. RabbitMQ概念介绍
RabbitMQ有许多重要的概念,了解这些概念对了解RabbitMQ是十分有必要的,下面简单介绍一下:
RabbitMQ 消息模型
RabbitMQ消息发送时,生产者是不知道消息是否发送到某个队列中去了,生产者仅仅只能将消息发送给某个交换器。
ConnectionFactory
连接工厂类。可以创建一个连接。
Connection
在客户创建一个到某个虚拟主机的连接。
Channel
消息通道,包含了大量的API可用于编程。在客户端的每个连接里,可建立多个channel,每个channel代表一个会话任务。
Broker
RabbbitMQ消息队列代理服务器实体。
Producer
发送消息的应用程序。
Consumer
接收消息的用户程序。
Exchange
交换器,生产者直接将消息发送给交换器。交换器将消息分发给指定的队列。它指定消息按什么规则,路由到哪个队列。
Binding
绑定,指的是交换器和队列之间的关系。它的作用就是把exchange和queue按照路由规则绑定起来。
Routing Key
路由关键字,exchange根据这个关键字进行消息投递。
vhost
虚拟主机,一个broker里可以开设多个vhost,用作不同用户的权限分离。
Excahnge Types
RabbitMQ常用的Exchange Type有fanout、direct、topic、headers这四种,下面分别进行介绍。
3. Exchange Types 简单介绍
下面对这四种Exchange Types进行简单介绍,由于用到maven来组织项目,所以需要先添加依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId>
<artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId>
<version>5.0.0</version>
</dependency>
3.1. fanout
fanout类型的Exchange路由规则非常简单,它会把所有发送到该Exchange的消息路由到所有与它绑定的Queue中。
上图中,生产者(P)发送到Exchange(X)的所有消息都会路由到图中的两个Queue,并最终被两个消费者(C1与C2)消费。
生产者代码:
/**
* 生产者
* Exchange Types为fanout
*
* fanout类型的Exchange路由规则非常简单,它会把所有发送到该Exchange的消息路由到所有与它绑定的Queue中。
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class Producer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 声明exchange,Exchange Types为fanout
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.FANOUT);
String message = "Info-hello world";
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
由于fanout不需要选择将消息路由到哪个Queue,所以channel.basicPublish方法的第二个参数routingKey就不需要设置。
消费者代码:
/**
* 消费者
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class ConsumerA {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.FANOUT);
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");
System.out.println("A Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, BasicProperties properties, byte[] body)
throws IOException {
String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
System.out.println("A Recv '" + message + "'");
}
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
}
}
在消费者代码中,我们的EXCHANGE_NAME需要与生产者的保持一致,channel.queueDeclare().getQueue()创建临时queue,channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "")将exchange绑定到指定的queue上,第三个参数为routingKey,由于此处为fanout,所以为空。
3.2. direct
direct类型的Exchange路由规则也比较简单,它会把消息路由到那些binding key与routing key完全匹配的Queue中。
以上图为例,假设我们在生产者配置的routingKey为error,那么两个消费者都可以收到消息,如果是info,那么c2可以接收到消息,c2便接收不到消息了。
生产者代码:
/**
* 生产者
* Exchange Types为direct
*
* direct类型的Exchange路由规则也很简单,它会把消息路由到那些binding key与routing key完全匹配的Queue中。
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class Producer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs-direct";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 声明exchange,Exchange Types为direct
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
System.out.println("Please enter message --->");
String message = "";
String routeKey = "error";
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
while (scanner.hasNext()) {
message = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.println(" ----- " + message);
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routeKey, null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
}
channel.close();
connection.close();
scanner.close();
}
}
此时生产者Exchange Tyoes设置为direct,并且routingKey设置的为error
消费者代码:
/**
* 消费者
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class ConsumerA {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs-direct";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.DIRECT);
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
// 此时routeKey 为 info
String routeKey = "info";
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, routeKey);
System.out.println("A Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, BasicProperties properties, byte[] body)
throws IOException {
String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
System.out.println("A Recv '" + message + "'");
}
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
}
}
在消费者中,我们设置的routeKey为info,此时消费者A接受不到消息了,如果routingKey为error,那么就可以接收到消息。
3.3. topic
由于direct的匹配规则需要完全配置,没有灵活性,所以topic就弥补了这一缺点, routingKey 必须是由点分隔的单词列表。这些单词可以是任何东西,但通常它们指定连接到消息的一些功能。一些有效的路由键例子:“ stock.usd.nyse ”,“ nyse.vmw ”,“ quick.orange.rabbit ”。在路由选择键中可以有任意数量的字,最多255个字节。
绑定键也必须是相同的形式。binding key中可以存在两种特殊字符“*”与“#”,用于做模糊匹配:
- "*" 可以代替一个字。
- "#" 可以代替零个或多个单词。
生产者代码:
/**
* 生产者
* Exchange Types为topic
* <ul>
* <li>routing key为一个句点号“. ”分隔的字符串(我们将被句点号“. ”分隔开的每一段独立的字符串称为一个单词),
* 如“stock.usd.nyse”、“nyse.vmw”、“quick.orange.rabbit”</li>
* <li>binding key与routing key一样也是句点号“. ”分隔的字符串</li>
* <li>binding key中可以存在两种特殊字符“*”与“#”,用于做模糊匹配,其中“*”用于匹配一个单词,“#”用于匹配多个单词(可以是零个)</li>
* </ul>
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class Producer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs-topic";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 声明exchange,Exchange Types为headers
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.TOPIC);
System.out.println("Please enter message --->");
String message = "";
String routeKey = "quick.orange.rabbit";
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
while (scanner.hasNext()) {
message = scanner.nextLine();
System.out.println(" ----- " + message);
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routeKey, null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
}
channel.close();
connection.close();
scanner.close();
}
}
消费者代码:
/**
* 消费者
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class ConsumerA {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs-topic";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.TOPIC);
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
// 此时routeKey 为 *.orange.*
String routeKey = "*.orange.*";
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, routeKey);
System.out.println("A Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, BasicProperties properties, byte[] body)
throws IOException {
String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
System.out.println("A Recv '" + message + "'");
}
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
}
}
3.4. headers
headers类型的Exchange不依赖于routing key与binding key的匹配规则来路由消息,而是根据发送的消息内容中的headers属性进行匹配。 在绑定Queue与Exchange时指定一组键值对;当消息发送到Exchange时,RabbitMQ会取到该消息的headers(也是一个键值对的形式),消费者会根据设置x-match设置的配置类型(all,any)来进行匹配。
生产者代码:
/**
* 生产者
* Exchange Types为headers
*
* Headers是一个键值对,可以定义成HashMap。发送者在发送的时候定义一些键值对,接收者也可以再绑定时候传入一些键值对,
* 两者匹配的话,则对应的队列就可以收到消息。匹配有两种方式all和any。这两种方式是在接收端必须要用键值"x-mactch"来定义
* 。all代表定义的多个键值对都要满足,而any则代码只要满足一个就可以了。fanout,direct,topic exchange的routingKey都需要要字符串形式的,
* 而headers exchange则没有这个要求,因为键值对的值可以是任何类型。
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class Producer {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs-headers";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 声明exchange,Exchange Types为headers
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.HEADERS);
Map<String,Object> headers = new HashMap<String, Object>();
headers.put("xiaoming", "123456");
AMQP.BasicProperties.Builder builder = new AMQP.BasicProperties.Builder();
builder.deliveryMode(MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN.getDeliveryMode());
builder.priority(MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN.getPriority());
builder.headers(headers);
AMQP.BasicProperties theProps = builder.build();
System.out.println("Please enter message --->");
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
String message = "";
while (scanner.hasNext()) {
message = scanner.nextLine();
channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", theProps, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
}
channel.close();
connection.close();
scanner.close();
}
}
消费者代码:
/**
* 消费者
* @author mingshan
*
*/
public class ConsumerA {
private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs-headers";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, BuiltinExchangeType.HEADERS);
String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
Map<String, Object> headers = new HashMap<String, Object>();
headers.put("x-match", "any");//all any
headers.put("xiaoming", "123456");
headers.put("bbb", "56789");
channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "", headers);
System.out.println("A Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");
Consumer consumer = new DefaultConsumer(channel) {
@Override
public void handleDelivery(String consumerTag, Envelope envelope, BasicProperties properties, byte[] body)
throws IOException {
String message = new String(body, "UTF-8");
System.out.println("A Recv '" + message + "'");
}
};
channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, consumer);
}
}
4. 源码链接
你可以在这个地方看到本篇源码:
https://github.com/mstao/rabbitmq-learning
参考: